Introduction
In this project, we target the headlines of “The Guardian” newspaper between 18. October 2021 and 28. November 2021 to apply a sentiment analysis around the negotiations of COP26 that took place in Glasgow from October 31st and November 12.
Being a newspaper of the host country of the climate negotiation, the guardian would not present an ideal sample of headlines that would allow us to deduce if COP26 has met the expectations or not through the sentiment analysis. However, the values of this project is to apply procedures of sentiment analysis after scraping information from the web and present them to the user in an accessible format.


  1. Packages

if (!require("pacman")) install.packages("pacman")
## Lade nötiges Paket: pacman
#if (!require("phantomjs")) webshot::install_phantomjs()
pacman::p_load(tidyverse, 
               rvest, 
               stringr, 
               xml2, 
               quanteda, 
               janitor, 
               tidytext, 
               lubridate, 
               wordcloud, 
               SnowballC, 
               dygraphs, 
               xts, 
               tsbox,
               tm, 
               kableExtra,
               magick,
               textdata, 
               plotly, 
               htmlwidgets, 
               htmltools)

Scraping Headlines by Date and Data Cleaning To examine this step in details, check the attached scraping.R file on https://github.com/lauramenicacci/cop26_text_analysis/blob/e3697a69534a5e9d540bfc1913f52bd096de99ee/scraping.R 

source("./scraping_and_data_cleaning.R")
## Warning: 20 failed to parse.
## Joining, by = "word"
  1. Explorative analysis

3.1. Explorative Wordcloud

#explorative wordcloud: we see the most frequent words: if there's something useless we remove it 
par(mar=c(0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1))

wordcloud(words_list$word, 
          min.freq = 20,
          random.order = FALSE, 
          colors=brewer.pal(8, "Dark2"))
## Warning in tm_map.SimpleCorpus(corpus, tm::removePunctuation): transformation
## drops documents
## Warning in tm_map.SimpleCorpus(corpus, function(x) tm::removeWords(x,
## tm::stopwords())): transformation drops documents

Exploring the most frequent words helps to remove the irrelevant ones among them by adding them to the stopwords dictionary i.e. Glasgow.

3.2. Frequency Table

words_list %>% 
      count(word, sort = TRUE) %>% 
      head(10) %>% 
      kbl() %>% 
      kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("hover", "condensed", "responsive"), full_width = F, fixed_thead = T) %>% 
      save_kable("3_2FrequencyTable.html")

3.3. Keyword in Context

cop26$Headlines %>% 
      corpus() %>% 
      tokens() %>% 
      kwic(phrase("crisis"), window = 10) %>% 
      DT::datatable(caption = "Keywords in context", rownames = FALSE, options = list(scrollX = TRUE, pageLength = 5, lengthMenu = c(5, 10, 15, 20))) %>%
  htmlwidgets::saveWidget("3_3KeywordsInContext.html")
  1. Sentiment analysis Using “bing” Dictionary

Result: we have a dataframe with words, dates, sentiment and frequency of occurrence of those words first plot: we start from the general: visualize through time how sentiment changes! TO BE EDITED

4.1. Sentiment Analysis Dataframe

words_sentiments <- words_list %>% #we have 293 classified words
  filter(!word == "crisis") %>% #remove the word crisis before the sentiment analysis
      inner_join(get_sentiments("bing")) %>% 
      count(word, sentiment) 
## Joining, by = "word"
sentiment_complete <- left_join(words_list, words_sentiments, by = "word") #join with the main df
    
toks_cop26 <- cop26 %>% 
  filter(str_detect(Headlines, "Boris Johnson")|str_detect(Headlines, "Boris") | str_detect(Headlines, "Johnson"))
    
words_list_boris<- toks_cop26 %>% 
  unnest_tokens(word, Headlines, token = "regex", pattern = "\\s+|[[:punct:]]+") %>%
  anti_join(customized_stopwords) %>% 
  arrange(Dates) %>%
  count(word, sort = TRUE)
## Joining, by = "word"

4.2. Basic Visualization

sentiment_complete <- sentiment_complete %>% 
  mutate(across(sentiment, .fns = ~replace_na(.,"neutral"))) %>%
  mutate(across(n, .fns = ~replace_na(.,0))) 

#first plot of sentiment analysis
sentiment_complete$n[sentiment_complete$sentiment == 'negative'] <-  -sentiment_complete$n[sentiment_complete$sentiment == 'negative']


sentiment_complete %>% filter(sentiment != "neutral") %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = Dates, y = n, fill = sentiment))+
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 0.5) +
  labs(title = "Sentiment frequency plot by date", y = "Count", x = "Date", fill = "sentiment") + geom_vline(xintercept= as.Date("2021-10-31"), linetype = "dashed", colour = "darkgrey") +
  geom_vline(xintercept= as.Date("2021-11-12"), linetype = "dashed", colour = "darkgrey") +
  theme_minimal()+ theme(panel.border = element_rect(color = "black",
                                    fill = NA,
                                    size = 0.3),
                         plot.background = element_rect(colour ="white"))
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values (position_stack).

ggsave("4_2SentimentFrequencyPlot.png", width = 5, height = 3)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values (position_stack).
  1. Exploration of Results

we try to understand which are the most used words overall. First we plot them without dates to see the overall result, then we add them in a second plot

5.1. Plot of Results

sentiment_complete %>% filter(sentiment != "neutral") %>%
  #drop_na() %>% 
  count(word, sentiment, sort = TRUE) %>% 
  group_by(sentiment) %>%
  filter(n > 4) %>% 
  mutate(word = reorder(word, n)) %>%
  ggplot(aes(n, word, fill = sentiment)) +
  geom_col(show.legend = FALSE) +
  facet_wrap(~ sentiment, scales = "free_y") +
  labs(title = "Most frequently occuring words that affect sentiments", x = "Frequency", y = NULL)+
  theme_minimal() + 
  theme(panel.border = element_rect(color = "black",
                                    fill = NA,
                                    size = 0.3),
        plot.background = element_rect(colour ="white"))

ggsave("5_1MostFrequentlyOccuringWord.png", width = 5, height = 3)

5.2. Summary Interactive Plots

5.2.1. Manipulation of the Dataset into a ‘timeseries’ Object

sentiment_complete %>%
  count(Dates,sentiment) %>% 
  mutate(across(sentiment, .fns = ~replace_na(.,"neutral")))-> counter #creating a dataframe counting each type of sentiment, replacing NA sentiment by neutral

counter %>% 
  build_wider_spec(names_from = sentiment, values_from = c(n))->spec1
counter<-counter %>% 
  pivot_wider_spec(spec1) %>% 
  na.omit() # to pivot the data frame, single date per line, all sentiments per column 

negatives<-xts(counter$negative, counter$Dates) #creating a time series for each sentiment
positives<-xts(counter$positive, counter$Dates)
neutrals<-xts(counter$neutral, counter$Dates)

timeseries <- cbind(negatives, positives,neutrals) # binding the three time series

5.2.2. All Sentiment Interactive Plot by Date

5.2.3. Positive vs Negative Sentiment Interactive Plots by Date

timeseries2<-cbind(negatives, positives)
posnegtimeseries <- dygraph(timeseries2, 
                            main = "Positive and negative sentiments across time", 
                            xlab = "Date", 
                            ylab = "Frequency") %>% 
  dySeries("negatives", label="Negative") %>% 
  dySeries("positives", label="Positive") %>%
  dyOptions(labelsUTC = TRUE, 
            fillGraph=TRUE, 
            fillAlpha=0.5, 
            drawGrid = FALSE) %>%
  dyRangeSelector() %>%
  dyCrosshair(direction = "vertical") %>%
  dyHighlight(highlightCircleSize = 3, 
              highlightSeriesBackgroundAlpha = 0.3, 
              hideOnMouseOut = FALSE)  %>%
  dyRoller(rollPeriod = 1)

save_html(posnegtimeseries, "./5_2_3TimeSeriesofPosNegSentiment.html", libdir = "lib")
  1. Targeted sentiment analysis

6.1 Sentiment Density for COP26

c26_tokens <- cop26$Headlines %>% 
  corpus() %>% 
  tokens()
boris_tokens <- toks_cop26$Headlines %>% 
  corpus() %>% 
  tokens()

c26_sent <- tokens_lookup(c26_tokens, dictionary = data_dictionary_LSD2015[1:2]) %>% 
  dfm() %>% 
  convert(to = "data.frame") %>% #targeted sentiment analysis for the cop26 tokens
  mutate(Type = "Cop26")
  
boris_sent <- tokens_lookup(boris_tokens, dictionary = data_dictionary_LSD2015[1:2]) %>% 
  dfm() %>% 
  convert(to = "data.frame") %>% #targeted sentiment analysis for the boris tokens
  mutate(Type = "Boris")

sentiment <- rbind(c26_sent,boris_sent)
sentiment$score <- log((sentiment$positive + 0.5) / (sentiment$negative + 0.5))

sentiment %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = score, fill = Type)) + 
  geom_density(alpha=0.3) +
  labs(title = "Distribution of Sentiments",
       x = "Sentiment Score", 
       y = "Density")+
  theme_minimal() + 
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(panel.border = element_rect(color = "black",
                                    fill = NA,
                                    size = 0.3),
        plot.background = element_rect(colour ="white"))

ggsave("6_1DensityPlots.png", width = 5, height = 3)
#AFINN Analysis
word_sent_afinn <- words_list %>% #we have 293 classified words
  filter(!word == "crisis") %>% #remove the word crisis before the sentiment analysis
  inner_join(get_sentiments("afinn")) %>% # to load the AFINN dataset, you have to give permission from the console if you never uploaded it yet
  count(word, value) 
## Joining, by = "word"
sentiment_complete_afinn <- left_join(words_list, word_sent_afinn, by = "word") #join with the main df

sentiment_complete_afinn <- sentiment_complete_afinn %>%
  count(Dates,value) %>% 
  mutate(across(value, .fns = ~replace_na(.,"0")))

sentiment_complete_afinn$value<-as.numeric(sentiment_complete_afinn$value)

sentiment_complete_afinn <- sentiment_complete_afinn %>% 
  na.omit() %>%
  filter(value!="0")

sentiment_complete_afinn$value <- factor(sentiment_complete_afinn$value, levels= c("-5","-4","-3","-2","-1","1","2","3","4","5"))

colors <- c( "#b2182b","#d6604d", "#f4a582","#fddbc7","#d1e5f0","#92c5de","#4393c3","#2166ac") #"#2166ac","#4393c3", "#92c5de", "#d1e5f0", "#fddbc7", "#f4a582","#d6604d","#b2182b")
#copying the colors, using https://imagecolorpicker.com/
scatter_result <- plot_ly(sentiment_complete_afinn, 
                         x = ~Dates, 
                         y = ~value, 
                         color = ~value, 
                         size = ~n, 
                         colors= colors, 
                         sizes = c(10,40),
                         type = 'scatter', 
                         mode = 'markers',
                         marker = list(symbol = 'circle', 
                                       sizemode = 'diameter',
                                       line = list(width = 1, color = 'lightgrey')),
                         text = ~paste('Count of Words', n), 
                         alpha = 1.2, #setting interactions
                         width = 750, 
                         height = 450) 


scatter_result <- scatter_result %>% layout(title = 'AFINN Dictionary Results',
         xaxis = list(title = 'Dates',
                      gridcolor = 'white',
                      range=c("2021-10-14","2021-11-20"),
                      zerolinewidth = 1,
                      ticklen = 3,
                      gridwidth = 2),
         yaxis = list(title = 'Sentiment Value',
                      gridcolor = 'lightgray',
                    
                      zerolinewidth = 1,
                      ticklen = 3,
                      gridwith = 2),
         paper_bgcolor = 'rgb(255, 255, 255)',
         plot_bgcolor = 'rgb(255,255,255)')

scatter_result
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htmlwidgets::saveWidget(partial_bundle(scatter_result), "6_2AffineAnalysisC26.html")
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#Afinn Analysis Boris
word_sent_afinn_boris <- words_list_boris %>% 
  filter(!word == "crisis") %>% #remove the word crisis before the sentiment analysis
  inner_join(get_sentiments("afinn")) %>% 
  count(word, value) 
## Joining, by = "word"
sentiment_boris_afinn <- left_join(words_list, word_sent_afinn_boris, by = "word") #join with the main df

counter_boris_afinn <- sentiment_boris_afinn %>%
  count(Dates,value) %>% 
  mutate(across(value, .fns = ~replace_na(.,"0")))

# Structuring the order of the values so that they appear in the correct order in the legend
counter_boris_afinn$value<-as.numeric(counter_boris_afinn$value)
counter_boris_afinn<-counter_boris_afinn %>% 
  #na.omit() %>%
  filter(value!="0") 
counter_boris_afinn$value<- factor(counter_boris_afinn$value, levels= c("-5","-4","-3","-2","-1","1","2","3","4","5"))

colours <- c( "#b2182b","#d6604d", "#f4a582","#fddbc7","#d1e5f0","#92c5de","#4393c3","#2166ac")
#copying the colors, using https://imagecolorpicker.com/

scatter_result_boris<- plot_ly(counter_boris_afinn, 
                               x = ~Dates, 
                               y = ~value, 
                               color = ~value, 
                               size = ~n, 
                               colours = colours,
                               sizes = c(10,40),
                               type = 'scatter', 
                               mode = 'markers',
                               marker = list(symbol = 'circle', 
                                             sizemode = 'diameter',
                                             line = list(width = 1, color = 'lightgrey')),
                               text = ~paste('Count of Words', n), 
                               alpha = 1.2,
                               width = 750, 
                               height = 450) #setting interactions


scatter_result_boris<-scatter_result_boris %>% layout(title = 'AFINN Dictionary Results for Boris Headlines',
         xaxis = list(title = 'Dates',
                      gridcolor = 'white',
                      range=c("2021-10-14","2021-11-20"),
                      zerolinewidth = 1,
                      ticklen = 3,
                      gridwidth = 2),
         yaxis = list(title = 'Sentiment Value',
                      gridcolor = 'lightgray',
                      zerolinewidth = 1,
                      ticklen = 3,
                      gridwith = 2),
         paper_bgcolor = 'rgb(255, 255, 255)',
         plot_bgcolor = 'rgb(255,255,255)')
scatter_result_boris
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## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
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## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

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## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'
htmlwidgets::saveWidget(partial_bundle(scatter_result_boris), "TEST26_3AffineAnalysisBoris.html")
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## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

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## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'

## Warning: 'scatter' objects don't have these attributes: 'colours'
## Valid attributes include:
## 'cliponaxis', 'connectgaps', 'customdata', 'customdatasrc', 'dx', 'dy', 'error_x', 'error_y', 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'groupnorm', 'hoverinfo', 'hoverinfosrc', 'hoverlabel', 'hoveron', 'hovertemplate', 'hovertemplatesrc', 'hovertext', 'hovertextsrc', 'ids', 'idssrc', 'legendgroup', 'legendgrouptitle', 'legendrank', 'line', 'marker', 'meta', 'metasrc', 'mode', 'name', 'opacity', 'orientation', 'selected', 'selectedpoints', 'showlegend', 'stackgaps', 'stackgroup', 'stream', 'text', 'textfont', 'textposition', 'textpositionsrc', 'textsrc', 'texttemplate', 'texttemplatesrc', 'transforms', 'type', 'uid', 'uirevision', 'unselected', 'visible', 'x', 'x0', 'xaxis', 'xcalendar', 'xhoverformat', 'xperiod', 'xperiod0', 'xperiodalignment', 'xsrc', 'y', 'y0', 'yaxis', 'ycalendar', 'yhoverformat', 'yperiod', 'yperiod0', 'yperiodalignment', 'ysrc', 'key', 'set', 'frame', 'transforms', '_isNestedKey', '_isSimpleKey', '_isGraticule', '_bbox'